Philadelphia chromosome can be founding 95% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by cytoGENEtic studies. The fused bcr/abl is transcribed in two types of chimeric mRNA. RT-PCR amplification of these two transcripts have been designed to give two different size products. This assay can detect one positive bcr/abl expressing cell in a back ground of 106 negative bcr/abl cells. The power of this assay is the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) between 6-12 months following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an independent and significant factor that predicts the relapse in future. The aim of optimization was to detect β2 microglobulin (β 2M) mRNA. Detection of β2 mRNA and absence of bcr/abl indicates that the patient is negative for MRD and as a result, there is molecular remission in addition to clinical remission. To monitor MRD we tested a patient's blood sample who had tolerated allogenic BMT 7 years ago. bcr/abl wasn't detected in this patient and only β2 M was observed. This result confirmed the absence of MRD in this case. To effectively monitor minimal leukemic activity after BMT, we used a competitive RT- PCR to quantify expression of the characteristic bcr/abl fusion GENE mRNA in patients with CML.    

Background and Objective: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) with positive Cytotoxin associated GENE A (CagA) have higher potential for pathoGENEsis. Cytotoxin associated GENE A (CagA) accelerate the pathoGENE city of bacteria due to cytotoxin production stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the anti-CagA antibody among H. pylori infected persons in Golestan province-North of Iran.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 676 H. pylori positive subjects in Golestan province, northern Iran during 2008. Anti CagA antibody were determined in H.pylori positive subjects. Data analyzed by SPSS-16 software and chi-square test.Results: Prevalence of anti CagA in Helicobacter pylori infected cases was 57.7% (390 cases: 179 males and 211 females) (95% CI: 53.9-61.4). According to age the highest and lowest cases of anti CagA antibody were seen in, 15-24 (63.4%) and under 5 years old (26.3%). The level of anti CagA antibody in Sistanian ethnicity group (67.2%) was more than other ethnic group. Anti CagA antibody in Rural area was more than urban regions. Sero prevalence of anti CagA antibody was highest in Minudasht twon (78%), located in East of province in comparison with Bandar Gaz (44%) in west of provinceConclusion: This study showed the prevalence of CagA positive Helicobacter pylori strains in this region is similar to other regions of Iran, Asia and Europe and higher than African population.

Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) belongs to the genus Deltaretrovirus ,subfamily Orthoretrovirinae of the family Retroviridae comprising 3 main GENEs of gag, pol and env and a number of replication regulatory GENEs such as TAX, Rex, R III, C IV. For determination of GENEtic relationship of TAX GENE of BLV in Iran with those in other countries fragments 927bp corresponding to TAX from four infected samples were amplified in PCR system and sequenced for determining nucleotide sequence and compared with identified nucleotide sequence of this GENE in other countries.A comparison made on TAX GENE in Iran with other countries demonstrated 3.4 to 7.7% variability in TAX GENE, of which the greatest sequence similarity exists between sequences of TAX in Iran with USA (AY700378.1)with 96.6% similarity and the least relationship exists between sequences of this virus in Iran with Australia (AY700379.1) and Japan (AY700381.1) with 92.3% similarity.

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is one of the most common causes of mortality in developed and developing countries, and chronic inflammation is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis. The study was aimed to investigate the effect of human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection on the progression of atherosclerosis in the HTLV-1 endemic area. Materials and Methods: Of 50 patients in 4 groups including 14 coronary artery disease+HTLV-1+ patients, 8 CAD-HTLV-1+, 17 CAD+HTLV-1-subjects and 11 healthy controls (CAD-HTLV-1-), blood specimens were obtained. Then, TAX GENE expression was evaluated via real-time PCR, TaqMan method. Furthermore, lipid factors such as cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL were measured as common risk factors of coronary artery disease. Results: The HDL levels in CAD+HTLV-1+ group was significantly lower than the CAD-HTLV-1+ group (p=0. 04). Total cholesterol in CAD+HTLV-1+ group was higher than CAD+HTLV-1-and CAD-HTLV-1-groups (p=0. 001 and p=0. 001). Also, total cholesterol in CAD-HTLV-1+ group was higher than CAD+HTLV-1-and healthy groups (p=0. 001 and p=0. 002). The LDL level in CAD+HTLV-1+ group was significantly higher than CAD+HTLV-1-group (p=0. 001). Moreover, LDL level in CAD-HTLV-1+ group was higher than CAD+HTLV-1-group (p=0. 01). Conclusion: The HTLV-1 can alter the lipid profiles. Association between HDL, LDL, cholesterol and TAX showed that TAX as main virulence factor of virus by dysregulation of cytokines production, increasing of cholesterol, LDL and decreasing of HDL can facilitate the plaque formation in HTLV-1-infected patients.

Background & Objectives: Spleen largest lymphoid organ in the body and its role is blood filtering, strengthen the immune system, storage and hematopoiesis. Trauma, congenital pathologic is the indications of splenectomy. The aim of this study was evaluation 10 years splenectomy indications in Children's Hospital of Tabriz.Material and Methods: In a retrospective and descriptive study that performed on the children who underwent splenectomy in Tabriz Children's Hospital, the indications of splenectomy in these children evaluated.Results: 34 of studied children were boys and 35 of studied children were girls. Mean age of boy children was 99.20 ± 42.77 months and the mean age of girl children was 125.42 ± 35.24 (P=0.007). Major beta-talassemia in 23 cases was the most common indication for splenectomy in studied children. Spleen size in 22 children was normal and in 47 children spleen size was great. Platelet drop in two cases, port vein thrombosis in 3 cases, heard failure in two cases, sepsis, recurrent meningitis, sepsis and CVA in one of the studied children were postoperative complications in children underwent for splenectomy. Only seven cases of studied children had died after surgery that two cases of mortality causes was heart failure due to talassemia. In our study, trauma in 3 cases (4.34%) of the studied children was the splenectomy indications that one of these children had died.Conclusion: Major beta-talassemia, hereditary spherocitosis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were the most common causes of spelenctomy in the studied children and in our study, 5 of children with talassemia were died that 2 causes was heart failure due to talassemia, 2 cases due to port vein thrombosis and one case due to CVA. Postoperative complication rate was 23.18% and risk of infection and sepsis in our study was 3.07% and also the mortality rate in our study was 10.1%.

Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any GENE effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible GENEs for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 GENE is effective in the natural process of spermatoGENEsis as protein produced by this GENE in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this GENE is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatoGENEsis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between GENE expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatoGENEsis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the GENE had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatoGENEsis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human testis and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatoGENEsis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of GENE expression in a certain level of spermatoGENEsis may also be used to determine levels of spermatoGENEsis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.

Background: Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) is the cause of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) which belongs to retroviruses including Human T-cell leukaemia virus and simian T-lymphotropic virus. Due to this familiarity, the possibility of BLV transfer from animal production to humans may exist. Materials and Methods: In the present study, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and fresh human lymphomas tissues were used for detecting the BLV TAX genome and BLV TAX expression using nested-PCR and RT-nested-PCR. Results: Nested-PCR evaluation showed that 9 of 41 samples contained TAX region of BLV genome, of which eight samples belonged to high grade diffuse large cell lymphoma (B-cell type). Also, the results of RT-nested-PCR showed the BLV TAX expression in 2 of 5 high grade diffuse large cell lymphoma (B-cell type) samples. Conclusion: These findings explain the possible relation between BLV infection and the occurrence of some types of human lymphomas for the first time.

This study inves tigates the effects of TAX avoidance on TAX risk using a conceptual and statistical modeling of TAX risk measuring, based on uncertainty indicator. The sample consists of 114 firms in the period from 2009 to 2016. TAX avoidance is measured by the effective TAX rate (ETR). Also TAX risk is measured using the EGARCH model and defined as the instability of TAX status over time. The research findings show that there is a significant negative relation between effective TAX rate and instability of the TAX status, which means that firms with lower effective TAX rate have instability of TAX status over time. On the other hand, findings indicate an increase in TAX difference in event of effective TAX rate decreases. According to findings, one of the consequences of TAX avoidance is increases of TAX risk. The findings provide new evidence about the consequences of corporate TAX avoidance. These findings can be used to assess the TAX risk of firms based on their effective TAX rate. Also the findings suggest investors and managements to consider the consequences of corporate TAX decreases.

Background: Mental accounting attempts to explain the mechanism by which people code, group, and evaluate economic income. The purpose of this study is to explain mental accounting with TAX compliance, TAX evasion and TAX ethics in the implementation of TAX system smartness. Method: The present research was among mixed researches. Delphi technique was used in the qualitative part. The community of experts was in the field of TAX affairs, and 20 experts were identified by non-probability and judgmental sampling method, and finally 13 of them declared their readiness to cooperate. The tool was interview and the data was analyzed with Delphi technique. In the quantitative part, the survey method has been used. The community of employees of the TAX affairs department of Tehran were in the field of accounting, and 285 people were selected as a statistical sample and completed the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling and PLS software. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between income TAX and TAX compliance, TAX evasion and TAX ethics in the implementation of TAX system smartness. Also, there is a significant relationship between value-added TAX and TAX knowledge, and TAX compliance, TAX evasion and TAX ethics in the implementation of TAX system smartness. From a point of view, there is a significant relationship between TAX thinking and TAX compliance, TAX evasion and TAX ethics in the implementation of TAX system smartness. Conclusion: It is hoped that the results of this study will help the planners and policy makers in this area in order to make the TAX system of our country more intelligent.